History of iron and steel. Indigenous iron and steel making processes. Physical chemistry of slag-metal and gas-metal reactions. Ironmaking - the iron blast furnace - principles, operation and design aspects, raw materials, direct reduction and smelt-reduction processes. Steel making - basic oxygen and electric arc furnace processes - principles, operation and design aspects. Deoxidation, ladle refining processes – VD, VOD and AOD processes - inclusions in steel. Continuous casting - control of solidification structure and segregation. Yield, energy requirements and productivity in iron and steel making.