Particle size: definitions, determination, size reduction methods. Example: grinding. Separation methods, thickeners, cyclones, filters, froth flotation. Thermodynamic stability diagrams: Roasting. Structure and properties of slags. Liquid metallic solutions: change of standard states, activity interaction parameters. Extraction of copper and aluminium. Leaching, solvent extraction, ion exchange, precipitation. Electrowinning. Material and Heat Balance. Refractories.